Word-of-Mouth (WOM) remains an extensively researched marketing paradigm since
the 1960s with incessant evolution in its forms and definitions (Carl, 2006). The widely
cited definition of WOM given by Arndt (1967) describes WOM as “an oral, personto-
person communication between a receiver and a communicator whom the receiver
perceives as noncommercial, regarding a brand, product or service” (p. 66).
Westbrook (1987, p. 261) has defined WOM as “all informal communications directed
at other consumers about the ownership, usage or characteristics of particular goods
and services or their sellers”. WOM has two key participants: communicators and
receivers. The communicators have been given various names by the researchers
such as ‘opinion leaders’ (Katz and Lazarsfeld, 1955), ‘early adopters’ (Rogers, 1962/
2003), ‘influentials’ (Weimann, 1994), and ‘influential Americans’ (Keller and Berry,
2003) (as cited in Carl, 2006). It is the opinion leader who interprets and spreads
the message content for opinion seekers and thus influences the decision making of
the opinion seeker.
The advent of information technology and Internet in particular, has led to the
emergence of new forms of communication channels and platforms. These channels
are not only user-friendly, but also highly interactive and provide several means to
create and exchange user-generated content. In the given context, Westbrook’s (1987)
description of WOM may be “e-defined” for online WOM as: “all Internet-mediated
informal communications directed at consumers about the ownership, usage, or
characteristics of particular goods, services or their sellers where the communicator is
perceived to be free of any commercial influence”.
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