Biodiversity, which embraces a great variety of forms within, has evolved over thousands of years in a dynamic interaction between nature and careful selection and breeding by farmers. Biodiversity is also the feedstock of biotechnological enterprises. It is, therefore, noteworthy that the diverse traditional cultivars, domesticated and conserved in-situ and on-farm by farmers over the years, have global significance because they constitute the fundamental genetic pool for modern plant breeding to meet the food requirements of a growing global population.

The selections or landraces are able to yield in spite of intense environmental pressure. After surviving for over a thousand years, biodiversity for sustainable rural livelihoods and global food security is, however, under threat.

Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation into the future. An increase in global temperatures can, in turn, cause other changes, including a rise in the sea level and changes in the rate and pattern of evaporation (leading to increase in salt concentration). Other subsequent consequences could include higher or lower agricultural yields, glacier retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinction, and increase in the range of pests and vector borne diseases (www.fao.org).

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