The first paper, "India's Stock Market Bubble 2021: Signs and Causes", by Tanushree Gupta and Avichal Sharma, examines and anticipates the divergent real-economy and stock-market circumstances in the face of the pandemic. The stock market's primary goal is to aid businesses in raising capital. The paper examines the reasons behind India's stock market bubble in 2021, including decentralization of businesses from China, an increase in vaccination rates, India's monetary and fiscal policy during the pandemic, and public welfare aid. The paper reports that the Covid-19 pandemic has had a favorable influence on India's stock market, which has continued to rise. The BSE Sensex and Nifty continue to rise and have reached all-time highs. The Sensex's P/E ratio has also sparked concerns about the stock market's future development. The Sensex's typical P/E is generally 18 to 20%, but it is presently at 31.10, which is its highest level. The RBI has expressed worry over the stock market's rise during the pandemic. The Sensex return and equity risk premium are clearly separated, indicating that the stock market is now at a high risk.

The second paper, "The Influence of Heuristics on the Investment Decisions of Investors", by Sreelakshmi Pradeepkumar, emphasizes the illogical nature of man while investing. The field of behavioral finance studies focuses on how psychological factors influence market results. By analyzing the diverse heuristics prevalent in India (Bengaluru city) with the aid of various types of investors, this study explores the importance of behavioral finance in filling the gap between real decisions and influencing variables. The study's participants included conservative, moderate, aggressive, and retired investors. The objectives of the study are manifold, such as: to investigate the various sorts of investors and their respective investment habits; to investigate the many forms of heuristics and their biases; to analyze the impact of heuristics on investment decisions; and to determine whether there is a substantial relationship between the kind of investor and the heuristics used. In terms of hindsight bias, representativeness, gambler fallacy, and the January effect, the findings show that there is a significant difference in certain heuristics used and the decision-making of various types of investors, whereas overconfidence, herd mentality, anchoring bias, availability bias, mental accounting, and loss aversion are unaffected by investor type. The choice of heuristics is determined by the investor's risk tolerance and the scenario in which the investor finds himself/herself. Finally, certain heuristics used by investors have a big impact.

Futures are unbiased spot predictors, and econometric methods have been used to test this notion. One of the most significant purposes of India's commodity futures market is price discovery, since it provides competitive futures from which spot prices may be calculated. The efficiency of the maize commodity traded on NCDEX is investigated in the third paper, "Risk Analysis of Spot and Future Prices of Maize in India", by Ravi Prakash Siddavatam and C Vijendra, by examining the connection between futures and spot prices. For the maize commodity, the study used Daily Futures closing prices at NCDEX and Daily Spot prices at its respective delivery center from December 21, 2012 to December 20, 2018. The study's goal is to determine whether there is a cointegration relationship between futures and spot prices; to determine the lead-lag relationship between futures and spot prices of maize in the NKrishi Index of NCDEX; and to determine how price discovery occurs in maize. Maize is a mature market because it features two cointegrating equations, bidirectional long-run causal linkages, suitable pace of adjustment towards equilibrium from futures and spot market, and acceptable involvement of spot market in predicting futures price. Price discovery is a long-term process. Maize futures can be utilized in industry as a long-term hedge as well as a cross-hedge.