Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems are interference limited systems and the level of interference directly relates to the capacity of the system. Shadowing plays a vital role in interference. CDMA uses Soft Handoff (SHO) technique for a smother transmission while moving from one cell to another. The paper investigates and evaluates power allocation during SHO on two fronts, one with shadowing component and the other without considering the impact of shadowing. A two-way SHO case has been considered for the analysis purpose. When shadowing is not considered, more power is needed to support SHO in order to keep the same Eb/I0 target. When shadowing is considered, the attenuation of the radio channel is dynamically changing. To meet the same Eb/I0 target, the power that needs to be allocated should be changing as well. For the mobile users near the cell boundary with SHO, less average power is needed to meet the same Eb/I0 target. In the downlink direction, the inter-cell interference is closely related to the location of mobile user. Shadowing increases average interference level. SHO effects in the downlink interference are quite complicated, depending on the location of Mobile Station (MS), the radio attenuation and power division strategy. SHO decreases the probability of over-power and QoS deterioration for the users at the cell boundary. It also decreases the total average power needed by the MS at the boundary of the cell.

Microstrip antennas are frequently used in wireless applications. They are well known for their beneficial mechanical characteristics like low profile, planar but conformal to nonplanar, easy to fabricate and lightweight. They have flexibility in terms of electromagnetic parameters like gain, radiation pattern and polarization. They are used in the application of spacecraft, missiles and satellites. The paper uses FR4 material of height 1.6 mm to design high gain circular patch antenna array of 2 X 2 and 2 X 4. Simulation of the antenna array was done by High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) v13.0. HFSS is used for calculation of antenna parameters like gain, return loss, radiation pattern and VSWR of the antenna.

Human face finding and tracing is a technique to define whether a human face is existing or not in a framing image. Different from human face recognition which discriminates dissimilar faces, face discovery simply designates whether a human face is contemporary in a framing image or not. Face following determines the particular position or movement of human faces. The paper describes some famous and important algorithms and techniques which are used for face detection, tracing and recognition. Human face detection and recognition is the most important space of biometrics system (Muhammet and Resul, 2013). Biometric techniques are frequently used for substantiation process to isolate fingerprint, eye iris, retina, etc. The paper evaluates numerous procedures and methods for the fruitful detection, tracking and recognition of human face.

The detection of edge inside the image is a fundamental process in digital image processing. In the computer vision and machine vision field, edge detection is used for image segmentation and data or feature extraction. The common methods for edge detection include Sobel, Canny, Prewitt, Roberts, etc. These methods are mainly implemented on the software and hence these are slower. To increase the speed of processing and give results in real time, a dedicated hardware implementation is required. For this, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a suitable platform. The paper presents various FPGA-based implementation of image edge detection techniques and their comparison with the software-based implementation.