In today's world scenario, oil and gas sector is an important area. In a highly competitive business field, most financial statement analyses focus on industries. The paper shows a comparative financial performance of the Hindustan Oil Exploration Company, Jindal Exploration Industries Ltd., Selan Exploration Technologies, South West Pinnacle Exploration and SVOGL Oil and Gas Energy during 2015-2019. Ratios like liquidity ratio, profitability ratio, turnover ratio and leverage ratio have been used to measure the financial performance of the selected oil companies. On comparing the financial ratio, South West Pinnacle exploration shows highest current ratio, average turnover and return on assets having good financial strength of the company. Jindal Exploration Industries Ltd. shows highest profit earning ratio. Hindustan Oil Exploration Company shows highest inventory turnover ratio. SVOGL Oil and Gas Energy shows lowest debtor turnover ratio. Selan Exploration Technologies shows positive du-pont analysis.

Stock markets significantly contribute to the economic development of any nation. They have a volatile character, which results in uncertainty of the returns; the variability causes volatility in speculative market prices and instability of business performance. Volatility plays a significant role in the investors, managers, policymakers and researchers' financial decisions as it can assess the risk exposures in their investments and the uncertainty in stock returns. The risk-averse investor avoids investment in a highly volatile market. The stock return forecasting leads to volatility forecasting. The paper analyzes the volatility concerning the Bombay Stock Exchange. The daily data of S&P Sensex 30 has been collected and used to calculate the volatility for the last 3 years (April 2016 to March 2019). The preliminary analysis is done based on descriptive statistics stationery test, normality test and serial correlation test. Volatility modeling is done by the ARCH and GARCH family models. The findings help investors make the right investment decisions in the Indian stock market in the presence of its volatile character.

The financial performance and capital structure decisions cannot be independent of each other in the light of agency costs of risk shifting behavior in times of financial distress. Against this backdrop, the study investigates the relationship between capital structure and financial performance of the Automobile Industry in India from 2001 to 2014. Panel data approach has been applied to find out if financial performance represented by Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) has any relationship with the capital structure. Debt equity ratio (D/E ratio) represents the leverage or capital structure. Variables like growth, size, tangibility and CFCR are used as control variables. D/E ratio has a significant impact on the financial performance of the Automobile Industry. Out of the control variables, only growth had a positive and significant impact on the financial performance of the companies. Other variables like size, tangibility and CFCR were found to be insignificant in influencing the financial performance of the companies. The negative relationship between D/E ratio and financial performance signals agency problem between firm's equity investor and debt holders, where firms are likely to have high leverage, leading to low financial performance. Thus debt creates opportunities for shareholders to invest in a suboptimal manner. This can result in shifting risk from shareholders to lenders and of appropriating wealth in their favor. Due to risk shifting behavior, there is possibility of debt overhang. This leads to financial distress and higher agency costs to firms. Default risk leads to debt overhang and eventually bankruptcy and this becomes a cost.