Published Online:April 2026
Product Name:The IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior
Product Type:Article
Product Code:IJOB030426
DOI:10.71329/IUPJOB/2026.25.2.63-85
Author Name:Mamta Thakur and Abhilash Thakur
Availability:YES
Subject/Domain:Management
Download Format:PDF
Pages:63-85
The present study derives latent variables from the 3C model (Communication, Coordination, and Cooperation) originally proposed by Ellis, while the observed variables are based on Tatyana’s methodological approach. A novel CII model was developed specifically for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The variables were classified using factor analysis, and a multiple linear regression model was employed to examine their impact on the performance of HEIs and SMEs. The findings indicate that the relative influence of the three Cs differs across the two sectors: communication exerts a dominant influence on the performance of HEIs, whereas cooperation emerges as the most significant factor for SMEs. The study provides detailed insights into the differing priorities of these sectors within the CII framework.
Innovation plays a pivotal role in the growth and sustainability of a firm. It is a critical driver of competitive advantage, profitability, and market expansion. By developing new products, services, processes, and business models, firms can meet customer needs more effectively, create new opportunities, and adapt to changing market conditions.